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There are a number of speech delays and disorders including apraxia of speech, articulation, phonological processing disorders, and tongue thrust.
Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS) is a motor-speech disorder that makes it difficult for children to speak. According to ASHA, “apraxia of speech (AOS) is a neurological speech sound disorder where the brain has trouble planning and sequencing movements for speech. This is not due to muscle weakness, but a disruption in the motor planning process, making it difficult for the brain and muscles to coordinate for accurate speech.”
Speech Sound Disorders:
Articulation – ASHA’s definition is “a type of speech sound disorder where an individual has difficulty producing speech sounds, leading to errors like substitutions, omissions, additions, or changes to sounds” The outcome is that the child’s speech may not sound intelligible.
Phonological Processing Disorders – According to ASHA, phonological disorder is a type of speech sound disorder characterized by difficulty with the sound system of a language and the rules that govern how sounds are combined to form words. An example of a phonological process that has not been extinguished is when a child says “doe” for toe, using front sounds instead of back.